Which is a raw score that has been transformed into standard deviation units?

Z Score

$Z = \frac{X - \mu}{\sigma}$

Explanation: A z-score (also called a standard score) is a raw score that has been transformed into standard deviation units. It tells us how many standard deviations a data point is away from the mean.

Components of the formula:

1. Z = Z-score (standardized score)
2. X = Raw score (individual data point)
3. μ = Mean of the dataset
4. σ = Standard deviation of the dataset

1. A positive z-score (𝑍>0) means the data point is above the mean.
2. A negative z-score (𝑍<0) means the data point is below the mean.
3. A z-score of 0 means the data point is exactly at the mean.

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